The Journal for Nurse Practitioners
Volume 6, Issue 6 , Pages 417-424 , June 2010

Primary Screening for Cervical Cancer: Incorporating New Guidelines and Technologies into Clinical Practice

  • Mary Lauren Lemieux

      Affiliations

    • Mary Lauren Lemieux, MS, WHNP-BC, is a clinical assistant professor at the Catholic University of America School of Nursing in Washington, DC, and a DNP candidate at Johns Hopkins University School of Nursing in Baltimore, MD.

References 

  1. Saslow D , Runowicz CD , Solomon D , et al.   American cancer society guideline for the detection of cervical neoplasia and cancer . CA Cancer J Clin . 2002;52:342–362
  2. U.S. Preventive Services Task Force  . Screening for cervical cancer: Recommendations and rationale, January 2003 . Rockville, MD: Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality, U.S. Dept. of Health and Human Services; 2003;
  3. American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists  . Cervical cytology screening . Obstet Gynecol . 2003;102(2):417–427
  4. Yabroff KR , Saraiya M , Meissner HI , et al.   Specialty differences in primary care physician reports of Papanicolaou test screening practices: a national survey, 2006 to 2007 . Ann Intern Med . 2009;151(9):602–611
  5. Saint MMDMPHa  , Gildengorin GPb  , Sawaya GFMDc  . Current cervical neoplasia screening practices of obstetrician/gynecologists in the US . Am J Obstet Gynecol . 2005;192(2):414–421
  6. Murphy PA , Schwarz EB , Dyer JM . Cervical cancer screening practices of certified nurse-midwives in the United States . J Midwifery Womens Health . 2008;53(1):11–18
  7. Dillner J , Rebolj M , Birembaut P , et al.   Long term predictive values of cytology and human papillomavirus testing in cervical cancer screening: Joint European cohort study . BMJ . 2008;377:a1754
  8. Cuzick J , Arbyn M , Sankaranarayanan R , et al.   Overview of human papillomavirus-based and other novel options for cervical cancer screening in developed and developing countries . Vaccine . 2008;26S:K29–K41
  9. Sherman ME , Lorincz AT , Scott DR , et al.   Baseline cytology, human papillomavirus testing, and risk for cervical intraepithelial neoplasia: a 10-year cohort analysis . J Natl Cancer Inst . 2003;95(1):46–52
  10. Bulkmans N , Berkhof J , Rozendaal L , et al.   Human papillomavirus DNA testing for the detection of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia grade 3 and cancer: 5-year follow-up of a randomised controlled implementation trial . Lancet . 2007;370:1764–1772
  11. Huang Y-K , You S-L , Yuan C-C , et al.   Long-term outcomes of high-risk human papillomavirus infection support a long interval of cervical cancer screening . Br J Cancer . 2008;98(863–869):
  12. American Congress of Obstetricians and Gynecologists  . ACOG practice bulletin no. 109: Cervical cytology screening . Obstet Gynecol . 2009;114(6):1409–1420
  13. Sawaya GF , Iwayoka-Scott AY , Kim S , et al.   Ending cervical cancer screening: attitudes and beliefs from ethnically diverse older women . Am J Obstet Gynecol . 2009;200(1):40; e41–e47
  14. Solomon D , Breen N , McNeel T . Cervical cancer screening rates in the United States and the potential impact of implementation of screening guidelines . CA Cancer J Clin . 2007;57(2):105–111
  15. American Cancer Society  . Cancer facts and figures, 2008 . Atlanta: American Cancer Society; 2008;
  16. National Cancer Institute  . National Cancer Institute surveillance epidemiology and end results. SEER stat fact sheet: cancer of the cervix uteri . Available at: http://seer.cancer.gov 2008; Accessed April 8, 2009
  17. Merck  . Monographs in medicine: human papillomavirus . West Point, PA: Merck; 2008;
  18. American Congress of Obstetricians and Gynecologists  . ACOG practice bulletin. Cervical Cytology screening. Number 45, August 2003 . Int J Gynacol Obstet . 2003;83(2):237–247
  19. Nanda K , McCrory DC , Myers ER , et al.   Accuracy of the Papanicolaou test in screening for and follow-up of cervical cytologic abnormalities: a systematic review . Ann Intern Med . 2000;132:810–819
  20. Kitchener HC , Almonte M , Wheeler P , et al.   HPV testing in routine cervical screening: cross sectional data from the ARTISTIC trial . Br J Cancer . 2006;95:56–61
  21. Walboomers JM , Jacobs MV , Manos MM , et al.   Human papillomavirus is a necessary cause of invasive cervical cancers worldwide . J Pathol . 1999;189:12–18
  22. Richardson H , Kelsall G , Tellier P , et al.   The natural history of type-specific human papillomavirus infections in female university students . Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev . 2003;12:485–490
  23. Ho GY , Bierman R , Beardsley L , Chang CJ , Burk RD . Natural history of cervicovaginal infection in young women . N Engl J Med . 1998;338(7):423–428
  24. Canfell K , Barnabas R , Patnick J , Beral V . The predicted effect of changes in cervical screening practice in the UK: results from a modelling study . Br J Cancer . 2004;91:530–536
  25. Dunne EF , Unger ER , Sternberg M , et al.   Prevalence of HPV infection among females in the United States . JAMA . 2007;297(8):813–819
  26. U.S. Food and Drug Administration  . Digene Hybrid Capture 2 (HC2) high-risk HPV DNA test-P890064/S009 . Available at: http://fda.gov 2004; Accessed April 5, 2009
  27. American Society for Colposcopy and Cervical Pathology  . Clinical update . Available at: http://www.asccp.org/pdfs/consensus/clinical_update_20090408.pdf. 2009; Accessed April 22, 200
  28. Mayrand M , Duarte-Franco E , Rodrigues I , et al.   Human papillomavirus DNA versus Papanicolau screening tests for cervical cancer . N Engl J Med . 2007;357:1579–1588
  29. Saslow D, Runowitz CD, Solomon D, Moscicki A, Smith RA, Eyre HJ, et al. American Cancer Society guideline for the early detection of cervical neoplasia and cancer . CA Cancer J Clin . 2002;52(6):342–362
  30. National Health Service  . NHS Cervical cancer screening programme . Available at: http://www.cancerscreening.nhs.uk/cervical/ Accessed April 28, 2009
  31. Cancer Research U.K.  . Cervical cancer statistics-: key facts . Available at: http://info.cancerresearchuk.org/cancerstats/types/cervix/ 2009; Accessed December 2, 2009
  32. Nationaal Programma Kankerbestrijding  . Monitor reference page: cervical cancer screening . Available at: http://www.npknet.nl/1521-p-1052 2009; Accessed December 2, 2009
  33. American Congress of Obstetricians and Gynecologists  . ACOG committee opinion no. 436: evaluation and management of abnormal cervical cytology and histology in adolescents . Obstet Gynecol . 2009;113(6):1422–1425
  34. Sasieni P , Castanon A , Cuzick J . Effectiveness of cervical screening with age: population based case-control study of prospectively recorded data . BMJ . 2009;339:b2968
  35. Sawaya GF , McConnell KJ , Kulasingam SL , et al.   Risk of cervical cancer associated with extending the interval between cervical-cancer screenings . N Engl J Med . 2003;349(16):1501–1509 Oct 16
  36. Cuzick J , Mayrand M , Ronco G , Snijders P , Wardle J . New dimensions in cervical cancer screening . Vaccine . 2006;24(Suppl 3):S90–S97
  37. Koilopoulos F , Arbyn M , Martin-Hirsch P , Kyrgiou M , Prendiville W , Paraskevaidis E . Diagnostic accuracy of human papillomavirus testing in primary cervical screening: a systematic review and meta-analysis for non-randomized studies . Gynecol Oncol . 2007;104:232–246
  38. Khan M , Castle P , Lorincz A , et al.   The elevated 10-year risk of cervical precancer and cancer in women with human papillomavirus (HPV) type 16 or 18 and the possible utility of type-specific HPV testing in clinical practice . J Natl Cancer Inst . 2005;97:1072–1079
  39. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention  . Sexually transmitted diseases treatment guidelines . MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep . 2006;55(RR–11):1–100
  40. American Cancer Society  . DES exposure: questions and answers. Cancer Reference Information 2010 . Available at: http://www.cancer.org/docroot/CRI/content/CRI_2_6x_DES_Exposure_Questions_and_Answers.asp Accessed March, 2, 2010

 This continuing education activity is designed to augment the knowledge, skills, and attitudes of nurses and nurse practitioners regarding the latest guidelines for cervical cancer screening.At the conclusion of this activity, the participant will be able to:

a.Describe the goal of primary cervical cancer screening

b.Identify the appropriate population in which to use HPV DNA testing to screen for cervical cancer

c.Identify recommended testing and screening intervals for women based on age, risks, and history

The authors, reviewers, editors, nurse planners, and pilot testers all report no financial relationships that would pose a conflict of interest.The authors do not present any off-label or non-FDA approved recommendations for treatment.There is no implied endorsement by NPA or ANCC of any commercial products mentioned in the article.

PII: S1555-4155(10)00124-8

doi: 10.1016/j.nurpra.2010.03.001

The Journal for Nurse Practitioners
Volume 6, Issue 6 , Pages 417-424 , June 2010