The Journal for Nurse Practitioners
Volume 5, Issue 7 , Pages 523-535 , July 2009

Depression as a Comorbidity to Diabetes: Implications for Management

  • Andrea A. Riley

      Affiliations

    • Andrea A. Riley, MSN, MS, CNP, RD, is a family nurse practitioner at Hidalgo Medical Services in Lordsburg, NM.
    • ,
  • Mindy L. McEntee

      Affiliations

    • Mindy L. McEntee, MA, is a research assistant, in the Department of Health Systems and Outcomes at Johns Hopkins University School of Nursing in Baltimore, MD.
    • ,
  • Linda Gerson

      Affiliations

    • Linda D. Gerson, PhD, RN, PMHCNS-BC, is an assistant professor, in the Department of Health Systems and Outcomes at Johns Hopkins University School of Nursing in Baltimore, MD.
    • ,
  • Cheryl R. Dennison

      Affiliations

    • Cheryl R. Dennison, RN, ANP, PhD, FAHA is an associate professor in the Department of Health Systems and Outcomes at Johns Hopkins University School of Nursing in Baltimore, MD.

References 

  1. Anderson RJ , Freedland KE , Clouse RE , Lustman PJ . The prevalence of comorbid depression in adults with diabetes: a meta-analysis . Diabetes Care . 2001;24:1069–1078
  2. Lustman PJ , Clouse RE . Section III: practical considerations in the management of depression in diabetes . Diabetes Spectr . 2004;17:160–166
  3. Lustman PJ , Griffith LS , Freedland KE , Clouse RE . The course of major depression in diabetes . Gen Hosp Psychiatry . 1997;19:138–143
  4. DiMatteo MR , Lepper HS , Croghan TW . Depression is a risk factor for noncompliance with medical treatment: meta-analysis of the effects of anxiety and depression on patient adherence . Arch Intern Med . 2000;160:2101–2107
  5. Katon W , Sullivan MD . Depression and chronic medical illness . J Clin Psychiatry . 1990;51:3–11
  6. Ford DE . Optimizing outcomes for patients with depression and chronic medical illnesses . Am J Med . 2008;121:S38–S44
  7. Ciechanowski PS , Katon WJ , Russo JE . Depression and diabetes: impact of depressive symptoms on adherence, function, and costs . Arch Intern Med . 2000;160:3278–3285
  8. Ciechanowski PS , Katon WJ , Russo JE , Hirsch IB . The relationship of depressive symptoms to symptom reporting, self-care and glucose control in diabetes . Gen Hosp Psychiatry . 2003;25:246–252
  9. McKellar JD , Humphreys K , Piette JD . Depression increases diabetes symptoms by complicating patients' self-care adherence . Diabetes Educ . 2004;30:485–492
  10. Park H , Hong Y , Lee H , Ha E , Sung Y . Individuals with type 2 diabetes and depressive symptoms exhibited lower adherence with self-care . J Clin Epidemiol . 2004;57:978–984
  11. Lin EHB , Katon W , Von Korff M , et al.   Relationship of depression and diabetes self-care, medication adherence, and preventive care . Diabetes Care . 2004;27:2154–2160
  12. Anderson D , Horton C , O'Toole ML , et al.   Integrating depression care with diabetes care in real-world settings: lessons from the Robert Wood Johnson Foundation Diabetes Initiative . Diabetes Spectr . 2007;20(1):10–16
  13. Gonzalez JS , Safren SA , Cagliero E , et al.   Depression, self-care, and medication adherence in type 2 diabetes: relationships across the full range of symptom severity . Diabetes Care . 2007;30:2222–2227
  14. Lin EH , Simon GE , Katzelnick DJ , Pearson SD . Does physician education on depression management improve treatment in primary care? . J Gen Intern Med . 2001;16:614–619
  15. Kilbourne AM , Reynolds CF , Good CB , et al.   How does depression influence diabetes medication adherence in older patients? . Am J Geriatr Psychiatry . 2005;13:202–210
  16. Ludman EJ , Katon W , Russo J , et al.   Depression and diabetes symptom burden . Gen Hosp Psychiatry . 2004;26(6):430–436
  17. Lustman PJ , Anderson RJ , Freedland KE , et al.   Depression and poor glycemic control: a meta-analytic review of the literature . Diabetes Care . 2000;23:934–942
  18. De Groot M , Anderson R , Freedland KE , Clouse RE , Lustman PJ . Association of depression and diabetes complications: a meta-analysis . Psychosom Med . 2001;63:619–630
  19. Rush WA , Whitebird RR , Rush MR , Solberg LI , O'Connor PJ . Depression in patients with diabetes: does it impact clinical goals? . J Am Board Fam Med . 2008;21(5):392–397
  20. Clouse RE , Lustman PJ , Freedland KE , et al.   Depression and coronary heart disease in women with diabetes . Psychosom Med . 2003;65:376–383
  21. Katon W , Von Korff M , Ciechanowski P , et al.   Behavioral and clinical factors associated with depression among individuals with diabetes . Diabetes Care . 2004;27:914–920
  22. Zhang X , Norris SL , Gregg EW , et al.   Depressive symptoms and mortality among persons with and without diabetes . Am J Epidemiol . 2005;161:652–660
  23. Katon WJ , Rutter C , Simon G , et al.   The association of comorbid depression with mortality in patients with type 2 diabetes . Diabetes Care . 2005;28:2668–2672
  24. Egede LE , Nietert PJ , Zheng D . Depression and all-cause and coronary heart disease mortality among adults with and without diabetes . Diabetes Care . 2005;28:1339–1345
  25. Egede LE . Diabetes, major depression, and functional disability among U.S. adults . Diabetes Care . 2004;27:421–428
  26. Egede LE , Zheng D , Simpson K . Comorbid depression is associated with increased health care use and expenditures in individuals with diabetes . Diabetes Care . 2002;25:464–470
  27. Goldney RD , Phillips PJ , Fisher LJ , Wilson DH . Diabetes, depression, and quality of life . Diabetes Care . 2004;27:1066–1070
  28. Finkelstein EA , Bray JW , Chen H , et al.   Prevalence and costs of major depression among elderly claimants with diabetes . Diabetes Care . 2003;26:415–420
  29. Williams JW , Katon W , Lin EHB , et al.   The effectiveness of depression care management on diabetes-related outcomes in older patients . Ann Intern Med . 2004;140:1015–1024
  30. Lustman PJ , Clouse RE . Identifying depression in adults with diabetes . Clin Diabetes . 1997;15:78–81
  31. Egede LE , Simpson K . Epidemiology, treatment and costs of depression in adults with type 2 diabetes . Expert Rev Pharmacoeconomics Outcome Res . 2003;3:251–262
  32. Katon WJ , Simon G , Russo J , et al.   Quality of depression care in a population-based sample of patients with diabetes and depression . Med Care . 2004;42:1222–1229
  33. Eaton WW . Epidemiologic evidence on the comorbidity of depression and diabetes . J Psychosom Res . 2002;53:903–906
  34. Talbot F , Nouwen A . A review of the relationship between depression and diabetes in adults: is there a link? . Diabetes Care . 2000;23:1556–1562
  35. Connell CM , Davis WK , Gallant MP , Sharpe PA . Impact of social support, social cognitive variables, and perceived threat on depression among adults with diabetes . Health Psychol . 1994;13:263–273
  36. Talbot F , Nouwen A , Gingras J , Belanger A , Audet J . Relations of diabetes intrusiveness and personal control to symptoms of depression among adults with diabetes . Health Psychol . 1999;18:537–542
  37. Bailey BJ . Mediators of depression in adults with diabetes . Clin Nurs Res . 1996;5:28–42
  38. De Groot M , Auslander W , Williams JH , Sherranden M , Haire-Joshu D . Depression and poverty among African American women at risk for type 2 diabetes . Ann Behav Med . 2003;25:172–181
  39. Macrodimitris SD , Endler NS . Coping, control, and adjustment in type 2 diabetes . Health Psychol . 2001;20:208–216
  40. Egede LE , Zheng D . Independent factors associated with major depressive disorder in a national sample . Diabetes Care . 2003;26:104–111
  41. Li C , Ford ES , Strine TW , Mokdad AH . Prevalence of depression among U.S. adults with diabetes: findings from the 2006 Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System . Diabetes Care . 2008;31:105–107
  42. Peyrot M , Rubin RR . Levels and risks of depression and anxiety symptomatology among diabetic adults . Diabetes Care . 1997;20:585–590
  43. Bell RA , Smith SL , Arcury TA , et al.   Prevalence and correlates of depressive symptoms among rural older African Americans, Native Americans, and whites with diabetes . Diabetes Care . 2005;28:823–829
  44. Golden SH , Lazo M , Carnethon M , et al.   Examining a bidirectional association between depressive symptoms and diabetes . JAMA . 2008;299(23):2751–2759
  45. Everson SA , Maty SC , Lynch JW , Kaplan GA . Epidemiologic evidence for the relation between socioeconomic status and depression, obesity, and diabetes . J Psychosom Res . 2002;53:891–895
  46. Kessler RC , Berglund P , Demler O , et al.   National Comorbidity Survey Replication: the epidemiology of major depressive disorder: results from the National Comorbidity Replication (NCS-R) . JAMA . 2003;289:3095–3105
  47. Fisher L , Chesla CA , Mullan JT , Skaff MM , Kanter RA . Contributors to depression in Latino and European-American patients with type 2 diabetes . Diabetes Care . 2001;24:1751–1757
  48. Jacobson AM , Samson JA , Weinger K , Ryan CM . Diabetes, the brain, and behavior: is there a biological mechanism underlying the association between diabetes and depression? . Int Rev Neurobiol . 2002;51:455–479
  49. Rubin RR , Peyrot MF . Quality of life and diabetes . Diabetes Metab Res Rev . 1999;15:205–218
  50. Rajala U , Keinänen-Kiukaanniemi S , Kivelä S-L . Non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus and depression in a middle-aged Finnish population . Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol . 1997;32:363–367
  51. De Groot M , Jacobson AM , Samson JA , Welch G . Glycemic control and major depression in patients with type 1 and type 2 diabetes mellitus . J Psychosom Res . 1999;46:425–435
  52. van Tilburg MAL , McCaskill CC , Lane JD , et al.   Depressed mood is a factor in glycemic control in type 1 diabetes . Psychosom Med . 2001;63:551–555
  53. Lustman PJ , Freedland KE , Griffith LS , Clouse RE . Predicting response to cognitive behavior therapy of depression in type 2 diabetes . Gen Hosp Psychiatry . 1998;20:302–306
  54. Lustman PJ , Griffith LS , Clouse RE , Cryer PE . Psychiatric illness in diabetes mellitus: relation to symptoms and glucose control . J Nerv Mental Dis . 1986;174:736–746
  55. Katon WJ . The comorbidity of diabetes mellitus and depression . Am J Med . 2008;121:S8–S15
  56. Yoshida S , Hirai M , Suzuki S , Awata S , Oka Y . Neuropathy is associated with depression independently of health-related quality of life in Japanese patients with diabetes . Psychiatry Clin Neurosci . 2009;63:65–72
  57. Engum A . The role of depression and anxiety in onset of diabetes in a large population-based study . J Psychosom Res . 2007;62:31–38
  58. Lustman PJ , Griffith LS , Clouse RE . Depression in adults with diabetes: results of 5-yr follow-up study . Diabetes Care . 1988;11:605–612
  59. Cameron OG , Kronfol Z , Greden JF , Carroll BJ . Hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenocortical activity in patients with diabetes mellitus . Arch Gen Psychiatry . 1984;41:1090–1095
  60. Björntorp P , Holm G , Rosmond R . Hypothalamic arousal, insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes mellitus . Diabet Med . 1999;16:373–383
  61. Rosmond R , Björntorp P . The hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis activity as a predictor of cardiovascular disease, type 2 diabetes and stroke . J Intern Med . 2001;247:188–197
  62. Brown ES , Varghese FP , McEwen BS . Association of depression with medical illness: does cortisol play a role? . Biol Psychiatry . 2004;55:1–9
  63. Schmidt MI , Duncan BB , Sharrett AR , et al.   Markers of inflammation and prediction of diabetes mellitus in adults (Artherosclerosis Risk in Communities Study): a cohort study . Lancet . 1999;353:1649–1652
  64. Dandona P , Aljada A , Bandyopadhyay A . Inflammation: the link between insulin resistance, obesity and diabetes . Trends Immunol . 2004;25:4–7
  65. Pradhan AD , Manson JE , Rifai N , Buring JE , Ridker PM . C-reactive protein, interleukin 6, and risk of developing type 2 diabetes mellitus . JAMA . 2001;286:327–334
  66. Han TS , Sattar N , Williams K , Gonzalez-Villalpando C , et al.   Prospective study of C-reactive protein in relation to the development of diabetes and metabolic syndrome in the Mexico City Diabetes Study . Diabetes Care . 2002;25:2016–2021
  67. Knol MJ , Twisk JWR , Beekman ATF , et al.   Depression as a risk factor for the onset of type 2 diabetes melitus: a meta-analysis . Diabetologia . 2006;49:837–845
  68. Musselman DL , Betan E , Larson H , Phillips LS . Relationship of depression to diabetes types 1 and 2: epidemiology, biology, and treatment . Biol Psychiatry . 2003;54:317–329
  69. Williams MM , Clouse RE , Lustman PJ . Treating depression to prevent diabetes and its complications: understanding depression as a medical risk factor . Clin Diabetes . 2006;24:79–86
  70. Eaton WE , Armenian H , Gallo J , Pratt L , Ford DE . Depression and risk of onset of type II diabetes: a prospective population-based study . Diabetes Care . 1996;19:1097–1102
  71. Kawakami N , Takatsuka N , Shimizu H , Ishibashi H . Depressive symptoms and the occurrence of type 2 diabetes among Japanese men . Diabetes Care . 1999;22:1071–1076
  72. Arroyo C , Hu FB , Ryan LM , et al.   Depressive symptoms and risk of type 2 diabetes in women . Diabetes Care . 2004;27:129–133
  73. Carnethon MR , Biggs ML , Barzilay JI , et al.   Longitudinal association between depressive symptoms and incident type 2 diabetes mellitus in older adults . Arch Intern Med . 2007;167:802–807
  74. van den Akker M , Schuurman A , Metsemakers J , Buntinx F . Is depression related to subsequent diabetes mellitus? . Acta Psychiatr Scand . 2004;110:178–183
  75. Palinkas LA , Lee PP , Barrett-Connor E . A prospective study of type 2 diabetes and depressive symptoms in the elderly: the Rnacho Bernardo Study . Diabet Med . 2004;21:1185–1191
  76. Brown LC , Majumdar SR , Newman SC , Johnson JA . Type 2 diabetes does not increase risk of depression . Can Med Assoc J . 2006;175:42–46
  77. Brown LC , Majumdar SR , Johnson JA . Type of antidepressant therapy and risk of type 2 diabetes in people with depression . Diabetes Res Clin Pract . 2008;79:61–67
  78. Chida Y , Hamer M . An association of adverse psychological factors with diabetes mellitus: a meta-analytic review of longitudinal cohort studies . Diabetologia . 2008;51:2168–2178
  79. Knol MJ , Heerdink ER , Egberts ACG , et al.   Depressive symptoms in subjects with diagnosed and undiagnosed type 2 diabetes . Psychosom Med . 2007;69:300–305
  80. Lustman PJ , Freedland KE , Carney RM , Hong BA , Clouse RE . Similarity of depression in diabetic and psychiatric patients . Psychosom Med . 1992;54:602–611
  81. Simon GE , Von Korff M . Medical co-morbidity and validity of DSM-IV depression criteria . Psychol Med . 2005;35:1–10
  82. Yates WR , Mitchell J , Rush AJ , et al.   Clinical features of depressed outpatients with and without co-occurring general medical conditions in STAR*D . Gen Hosp Psychiatry . 2004;26(6):421–429
  83. Peterson T , Iosifescu DV , Papakostas GI , Shear DL , Fava M . Clinical characteristics of depressed patients with comorbid diabetes mellitus . Int Clin Psychopharmacol . 2006;21:43–47
  84. Hermanns N , Kulzer B , Krichbaum M , Kubiak T , Haak T . How to screen for depression and emotional problems in patients with diabetes: comparison of screening characteristics of depression questionnaires, measurement of diabetes-specific emotional problems and standard clinical assessment . Diabetologia . 2006;49:469–477
  85. Lustman PJ , Griffith LS , Clouse RE . Depression in adults with diabetes . Semin Clin Neuropsychiatry . 1997;2:15–23
  86. American Diabetes Association  . Standards of medical care in diabetes — 2008 . Diabetes Care . 2008;31:S12–S54
  87. U.S. Preventive Services Task Force (USPSTF)  . Screening for depression: recommendations and rationale . Ann Intern Med . 2002;136:760–764
  88. Kroenke K , Taylor-Vaisey A , Dietrich AJ , Oxman TE . Interventions to improve provider diagnosis and treatment of mental disorders in primary care. A critical review of the literature . Psychosomatics . 2000;41:39–52
  89. Rubin RR , Ciechanowski P , Egede LE , Lin EHB , Lustman P . Recognizing and treating depression in patients with diabetes . Curr Diabetes Rep . 2004;4:119–125
  90. Katon W , Von Korff M , Lin E , Bush T , Ormel J . Adequacy and duration of antidepressant treatment in primary care . Med Care . 1992;30:67–76
  91. Nau DP , Chao J , Aikens JE . The relationship of guideline-concordant depression treatment and patient adherence to oral diabetes medications . Res Social Adm Pharm . 2005;1:378–388
  92. Lustman PJ , Griffith LS , Clouse RE , et al.   Effects of nortriptyline on depression and glycemic control in diabetes: results of a double-blind, placebo-controlled trial . Psychosom Med . 1997;59:241–250
  93. Lustman PJ , Freedland KE , Griffith LS , Clouse RE . Fluoxetine for depression in diabetes: a randomized double-blind placebo-controlled trial . Diabetes Care . 2000;23:618–623
  94. Lustman PJ , Clouse RE . Treatment of depression in diabetes: impact on mood and medical outcome . J Psychosom Res . 2002;53:917–924
  95. Lustman PJ , Clouse RE , Nix BD , et al.   Sertraline for prevention of depression recurrence in diabetes mellitus: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial . Arch Gen Psychiatry . 2006;63:521–529
  96. Lustman PJ , Williams MM , Sayuk GS , Nix BD , Clouse RE . Factors influencing glycemic control in type 2 diabetes during acute- and maintenance-phase treatment of major depressive disorder with bupropion . Diabetes Care . 2007;30:459–466
  97. Goodnick PJ , Henry JH , Buki VM . Treatment of depression in patients with diabetes mellitus . J Clin Psychiatry . 1995;56:128–136
  98. Goodnick PJ , Kumar A , Henry JH , Buki VMV , Goldberg RB . Sertraline in coexisting major depression and diabetes mellitus . Psychopharmacol Bull . 1997;33:261–264
  99. Goodnick PJ . Use of antidepressants in treatment of comorbid diabetes mellitus and depression as well as in diabetic neuropathy . Ann Clin Psychiatry . 2001;13:31–41
  100. Gülseren L , Gülseren S , Hekimsoy Z , Mete L . Comparison of fluoxetine and paroxetine in type II diabetes mellitus patients . Arch Med Res . 2005;36:159–165
  101. Paile-Hyvärinen M , Wahlbeck K , Eriksson JG . Quality of life and metabolic status in mildly depressed women with type 2 diabetes treated with paroxetine: a double-blind randomised placebo controlled 6-month trial . BMC Fam Pract . 2007;8:34
  102. Lustman PJ , Griffith LS , Freedland KE , Kissel SS , Clouse RE . Cognitive behavior therapy for depression in type 2 diabetes mellitus: a randomized, controlled trial . Ann Intern Med . 1998;129:613–621
  103. Georgiades A , Zucker N , Friedman KE , et al.   Changes in depressive symptoms and glycemic control in diabetes mellitus . Psychosom Med . 2007;69:235–241
  104. van der Ven NC , Hogenelst MH , Tromp-Wever AM , et al.   Short-term effects of cognitive behavioural group training (CBGT) in adult type 1 diabetes patients in prolonged poor glycaemic control. A randomized controlled trial . Diabetic Med . 2005;22:1619–1623
  105. Snoek FJ , van der Ven NCW , Twisk JWR , et al.   Cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT) compared with blood glucose awareness trainign (BGAT) in poorly controlled type 1 diabetic patients: long-term effects on HbA1c moderated by depression. A randomized controlled trial . Diabetic Med . 2008;25:1337–1342
  106. Ismail K , Winkley K , Rabe-Hesketh S . Systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials of psychological interventions to improve glycaemic control in patients with type 2 diabetes . Lancet . 2004;363:1589–1597
  107. Katon WJ , Von Korff M , Lin EHB , et al.   The Pathways Study: a randomized trial of collaborative care in patients with diabetes and depression . Arch Gen Psychiatry . 2004;61:1042–1049
  108. De Groot M , Pinkerman B , Wagner J , Hockman E . Depression treatment and satisfaction in a multicultural sample of type 1 and type 2 diabetic patients . Diabetes Care . 2006;29:549–553
  109. Keller MB , McCullough JP , Klein DN , et al.   A comparison of nefazodone, the cognitive-behavioral-analysis system of psychotherapy, and their combination for the treatment of chronic depression . New Engl J Med . 2000;342:1462–1470
  110. Lustman PJ , Anderson R . Depression in adults with diabetes . Pychiatric Times . 2002;19(1): http://www.psychiatrictimes.com/display/article/10168/47911
  111. Roose SP , Spatz E . Treating depression in patients with ischaemic heart disease: which agents are best to use and to avoid? . Drug Safety . 1999;20:459–465
  112. Clark M . Identification and treatment of depression in people with diabetes . Diabetes Primary Care . 2003;5:124–127
  113. Mason J , Freemantle N , Eccles M . Fatal toxicity associated with antidepressant use in primary care . Br J Gen Pract . 2000;50:366–370
  114. Zimmermann U , Kraus T , Himmerlich H , Schuld A , Pollmächer T . Epidemiology, implications, and mechanisms underlying drug-induced weight gain in psychiatric patients . J Psychiatr Res . 2003;37:193–220
  115. Max MB , Lynch SA , Muir J , et al.   Effects of desipramine, amitriptyline, and fluoxetine in diabetic neuropathy . New Engl J Med . 1992;326:1250–1256
  116. Ghaeli P , Shahsavand E , Mesbahi M , et al.   Comparing the effects of 8-week treatment with fluoxetine and imipramine on fasting blood glucose of patients with major depressive disorder . J Clin Psychopharmacol . 2004;24:386–388
  117. Rambelomanana S , Depont F , Forest D , et al.   Antidepressants: general practitioners' opinions and clinical practice . Acta Psychiatr Scand . 2006;113:460–467
  118. Stafford RS , Ausiello JC , Misra B , Saglam D . National patterns of depression treatment in primary care . Prim Care Companion J Clin Psychiatry . 2000;2:211–216
  119. Williams MM , Clouse RE , Nix BD , et al.   Efficacy of sertraline in prevention of depression recurrence in older versus younger adults with diabetes . Diabetes Care . 2007;30:801–806
  120. Paile-Hyvärinen M , Wahlbeck K , Eriksson JG . Quality of life and metabolic status in mildly depressed women with type 2 diabetes treated with paroxetine: a single-blind randomised placebo controlled trial . BMC Fam Pract . 2003;4:7–12
  121. Norris SL , Zhang X , Avenell A , et al.   Efficacy of pharmacotherapy for weight loss in adults with type 2 diabetes mellitus: a meta-analysis . Arch Intern Med . 2004;164:1395–1404
  122. Sindrup SH , Gram LF , Brøsen K , Eshøj O , Mogensen EF . The selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor paroxetine is effective in the treatment of diabetic neuropathy symptoms . Pain . 1990;42:135–144
  123. Sindrup SH , Bjerre U , Dejgaard A , et al.   The selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor citalopram relieves the symptoms of diabetic neuropathy . Clin Pharmacol Ther . 1992;52:547–552
  124. Sindrup SH , Jensen TS . Efficacy of pharmacological treatments of neuropathic pain: an update and effect related to mechanism of drug action . Pain . 1999;83:389–400
  125. Goodnick PJ , Jimenz I , Kumar A . Sertraline in diabetic neuropathy: preliminary results . Ann Clin Psychiatry . 1997;9:255–257
  126. Duby JJ , Campbell RK , Setter SM , White JR , Rasmussen KA . Diabetic neuropathy: an intensive review . Am J Health Syst Pharm . 2004;61:160–173
  127. Raskin J , Pritchett YL , Wang F , et al.   A double-blind, randomized multicenter trial comparing duloxetine with placebo in the management of diabetic peripheral neuropathic pain . Pain Med . 2005;6:346–356
  128. Raskin J , Smith TR , Wong K , et al.   Duloxetine versus routine care in the long-term management of diabetic peripheral neuropathic pain . J Palliat Med . 2006;9:29–40
  129. Hardy T , Sachson R , Shen S , Armbruster M , Boulton AJM . Does treatment with duloxetine for neuropathic pain impact glycemic control? . Diabetes Care . 2007;30:21–26
  130. Rowbotham MC , Goli V , Kunz NR , Lei D . Venlafaxine extended release in the treatment of painful diabetic neuropathy: a double-blind, placebo-controlled study . Pain . 2004;110:697–706
  131. Stahl SM , Grady MM , Moret C , Briley M . SNRIs: their pharmacology, clinical efficacy, and tolerability in comparison with other classes of antidepressants . CNS Spectr . 2005;10:732–747
  132. McKeage K . Treatment options for the management of diabetic painful neuropathy: best current evidence . Curr Opin Neurol . 2007;20:553–557
  133. Rowland DL , Myers L , Culver A , Davidson JM . Bupropion and sexual function: a placebo-controlled prospective study on diabetic men with erectile dysfunction . J Clin Psychopharmacol . 1997;17:350–357
  134. Semenchuk MR , Sherman S , Davis B . Double-blind, randomized trial of bupropion SR for the treatment of neuropathic pain . Neurology . 2001;57:1583–1588
  135. Hilty DM , McCarron RM , Ton H . Management of mental illness in patients with diabetes . Prim Care Clin Office Pract . 2007;34:713–730
  136. Fawcett J , Barkin RL . Review of the results from clinical studies on the efficacy, safety and tolerability of mirtazapine for the treatment of patients with major depression . J Affect Disord . 1998;51:267–285
  137. Himmerich H , Fulda S , Schaaf L , et al.   Changes in weight and glucose tolerance during treatment with mirtazapine . Diabetes Care . 2006;29:170–171
  138. Weber-Hamann B , Gilles M , Schilling C , et al.   Improved insulin sensitivity in 51 nondiabetic depressed inpatients remitting during antidepressive treatment with mirtazapine and venlafaxine . J Clin Psychopharmacol . 2008;28:581–584
  139. Arnold P , Vuadens P , Kuntzer T , Gobelet C , Deriaz O . Mirtazapine decreases the pain feeling in healthy participants . Clin J Pain . 2008;24:116–119
  140. Freynhagen R , Muth-Selbach U , Lipfert P , et al.   The effect of mirtazapine in patients with chronic pain and concomitant depression . Curr Med Res Opin . 2006;22:257–264
  141. Winkley K , Landau S , Eisler I , Ismail K . Psychological interventions to improve glycaemic control in patients with type 1 diabetes: systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials . BMJ . 2006;333:65–68
  142. Wagner J , Tsimikas J , Abbott G , De Groot M , Heapy A . Racial and ethnic differences in diabetic patient-reported depression symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment . Diabetes Res Clin Pract . 2007;75:119–122

 In compliance with national ethical guidelines, the authors report no relationships with business or industry that would pose a conflict of interest.

PII: S1555-4155(09)00198-6

doi: 10.1016/j.nurpra.2009.03.020

The Journal for Nurse Practitioners
Volume 5, Issue 7 , Pages 523-535 , July 2009

Article Tools

* Image Usage & Resolution