The Journal for Nurse Practitioners
Volume 5, Issue 4 , Pages 255-261 , April 2009

Depression and Obesity in Adolescents: What Can Primary Care Providers Do?

  • Christina J. Calamaro

      Affiliations

    • Christina J. Calamaro, PhD, CRNP, and Roberta Waite, EdD, APRN, CNS-BC, are assistant professors in the College of Health and Nursing Sciences at Drexel University in Philadelphia, PA.
    • ,
  • Roberta Waite

      Affiliations

    • Christina J. Calamaro, PhD, CRNP, and Roberta Waite, EdD, APRN, CNS-BC, are assistant professors in the College of Health and Nursing Sciences at Drexel University in Philadelphia, PA.

References 

  1. National Center for Health Statistics  . NCHS and CDC 2000 growth charts: United States . Center for Disease Control; 2008;
  2. Wang Y , Beydoun M . The obesity epidemic in the United States: gender, age, socioeconomic, racial/ethnic, and geographic characteristics: a systematic review and metaregression analysis . Epidemiol Rev . 2007;29:6–28
  3. Cali AMG , Caprio S . Obesity in children and adolescents . J Clin Endocrinol Metab . 2008;93(11 Supplement 1):s31–36
  4. Reeves G , Postolache T , Snitker S . Childhood obesity and depression: connection between these growing problems in growing children . Int J Child Health Hum Dev . 2008;1:103–114
  5. Liem E , Sauer P , Oldehinkel A , Stolk R . Association between depressive symptoms in childhood and adolescence and overweight later in life . Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med . 2008;162:981–988
  6. Friedman MA , Brownell K . Psychological correlates of obesity: moving to the next research generation . Psych Bull . 1995;117:3–20
  7. Faith M , Matz P , Jorge M . Obesity-depression associations in the population . J Psychosom Res . 2002;53:935–942
  8. Dietz W . Health consequences of obesity in youth: childhood predictors of adult disease . Pediatrics . 1998;101:518–524
  9. Lobstein T , Baur L , Uauy R . Obesity in children and young people: a crisis in public health . Obes Rev . 2004;5:4–85
  10. Gibson LY , Byrne SM , Blair E , et al.   Clustering of psychosocial symptoms in overweight children . Austral N Zealand J Psychiatry . 2008;42:118–125
  11. Petry NM , Barry D , Pietrzak RH , Wagner JA . Overweight and obesity are associated with psychiatric disorders: Results from the National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions . Psychosomat Med . 2008;70:288–297
  12. Zametkin AJ , Zoon C , Klein H , Munson S . Psychiatric aspects of child and adolescent obesity: a review of the past 10 years . J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psych . 2004;42:134–150
  13. American Psychiatric Association  . Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders IV - text revision . 4th ed.. Washington DC: American Psychiatric Association; 2000;
  14. Puhl R , Brownell K . Confronting and coping with weight stigma: an investigation of overweight and obese adults . Obes Rev . 2006;14:1802–1815
  15. Klaczynski PA . There's something about obesity: culture, contagion, rationality and children's responses to drinks “created” by obese children . J Exp Child Psychol . 2008;99:58–74
  16. Park J , Schaller M , Crandall C . Pathogen-avoidance mechanisms and the stigmatization of obese people . Evol Human Behav . 2007;28:410–414
  17. Penny H , Haddock G . Anti-fat prejudice among children: the ‘mere proximity' effect in 5-10 year olds . J Exp Soc Psychol . 2007;43:678–683
  18. Anderson SE , Cohen P , Naumova EN , Jacques PF , Must A . Adolescent obesity and risk for subsequent major depressive disorder and anxiety disorder: prospective evidence . Psychosom Med . 2007;69:740–747
  19. American Academy of Pediatrics and Committee on Prevention  . Policy statement: prevention of pediatric overweight and obesity . Pediatrics . 2003;112:424–430
  20. Pine D , Goldstein P , Wolk S , Weissman M . The association between childhood depression and adulthood body mass index . Pediatrics . 2001;107:1049–1056
  21. Ackard DM , Neumark-Sztainer D , Story M , Perry C . Overeating among adolescents: prevalence and associations with weight-related characteristics and psychological health . Pediatrics . 2003;111:67–74
  22. Dahl R , Ryan N , Matty M , et al.   Sleep onset abnormalities in depressed adolescents . Biol Psychiatry . 1996;39:400–410
  23. Gupta N , Mueller W , Chan W , Meininger J . Is obesity associated with poor sleep quality in adolescents? . Am J Hum Biol . 2002;14:762–768
  24. Spiegel K , Tasali E , Penev P , VanCauter E . Brief communications: sleep curtailment in healthy young men is associated with decreased leptin levels, elevated ghrelin levels, and increased hunger and appetite . Ann Intern Med . 2004;141:846–850
  25. Schwimmer J , Burwinkle T , Varni J . Health-related quality of life of severely obese children and adolescents . JAMA . 2003;289:1851–1853
  26. Sallis J , Prochaska J , Taylor W . A review of correlates of physical activity in children and adolescents . Med Sci Sports Exerc . 2000;32:963–975
  27. Pettit J , Lewinsohn P , Joiner T . Propagation of major depressive disorder: relationship between first episode symptoms and recurrence . Psychiatry Res . 2006;141:271–278
  28. Arbisi P , Levine A , Nerenberg J , Wolf J . Seasonal alteration in taste detection and recognition threshold in seasonal affective disorder: the proximate source of carbohydrate craving . Psychiatry Res . 1996;59:171–182
  29. Brown KM , McMahon RP , Biro FM , et al.   Changes in self-esteem in black and white girls between the ages of 9 and 14 years: the NHLBI Growth and Health Study . J Adolesc Health . 1998;23:7–19
  30. Sayal K . Annotation: pathways to care for children with mental health disorders . J Child Psychol Psychiatry . 2006;47:249–259
  31. Brent D , Emslie G , Clarke G , et al.   Switching to another SSRI or to Venlafaxine with or without cognitive behavioral therapy for adolescents with SSRI-resistant depression: the TORDIA randomized controlled trial . JAMA . 2008;299(8):901–913
  32. Gardner G , Murphy M , Child G , et al.   The PSC-17: a brief pediatric symptom checklist with psychosocial problems subscales: a report from the PROS and ASPN . Ambul Child Health . 1999;5:225–236
  33. Barlow SE , Dietz WH . Management of child and adolescent obesity: summary and recommendations based on reports from pediatricians, pediatric nurse practitioners, and registered dietitians . Pediatrics . 2002;110(1):236–238
  34. National Association of Pediatric Nurse Practitioners  . HEAT: Health Eating and Activity Together: guidelines for the prevention and treatment of obesity . Washington DC: NAPNAP; 2004;
  35. In:  Wadden TA editors. The treatment of obesity . 2nd ed.. New York: Raven Press; 1993;
  36. In:  Cooper A ,  Fairburn CG editor. Cognitive-behavioral treatment of obesity . New York: Guilford Press; 2002;
  37. Barlow SE , Dietz WH . Obesity evaluation and treatment: Expert Committee recommendations. The Maternal and Child Health Bureau, Health Resources and Services Administration and the Department of Health and Human Services . Pediatrics . 1998;102(3):E29
  38. Lamberg L . Empirically supported treatments improve care of adolescents with depression . JAMA . 2008;300:269–270
  39. Hampl S , Carroll C , Simon S , et al.   Resource utilization and expenditures for overweight and obese children . Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med . 2007;161:11–14
  40. Faulstich M , Carey M , Ruggiero L , Enyart P , Gresham F . Assessment of depression in childhood and adolescence: an evaluation of the Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale for Children (CES-DC) . Am J Psychiatry . 1986;143:1024–1027
  41. Kennard B , Emslie G , Mayes T , et al.   Cognitive-behavioral therapy to prevent relapse in pediatric responders to pharmacotherapy for major depressive disorder . J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychol . 2008;47:1391–1404
  42. Rossello J , Bernal G . Treatment of depression in Puerto Rican adolescents . J Consult Clin Psychol . 1999;67:734–745
  43. Wood A , Harrington R , Moore A . Controlled trial of a brief cognitive-behavioural intervention in adolescent patients with depressive disorders . J Child Psychol Psychiatry . 1996;37:737–746
  44. Beck AT . Cognitive therapy of depression . New York: Guilford Press; 1979;
  45. Asarnow JR , Jaycox LH , Thompson MC . Depression in youth: psychosocial interventions . J Clin Child Psychol . 2001;30:33–47
  46. Mufson L , Dorta K , Wickramaratne P , et al.   A randomized effectiveness trial of interpersonal psychotherapy for depressed adolescents . Arch Gen Psychiatry . 2004;61:577–584
  47. Axelson DA , Birmaher B . Relation between anxiety and depressive disorders in childhood and adolescence . Depress Anxiety . 2001;14:67–78
  48. Stein REK , Zitner LE , Jensen PS . Interventions for adolescent depression in primary care . Pediatrics . 2006;118(2):669–682
  49. Beck AT , Steer RA , Brown GK . Manual for Beck depression inventory-II . San Antonio, TX: Psychcological Corporation; 1996;
  50. Kovacs M . The children's depression inventory (CDI) . Psychopharmacol Bull . 1985;21:995–998

 In compliance with national ethical guidelines, the authors report no relationships with business or industry that would pose a conflict of interest.

PII: S1555-4155(09)00041-5

doi: 10.1016/j.nurpra.2009.01.004

The Journal for Nurse Practitioners
Volume 5, Issue 4 , Pages 255-261 , April 2009

Article Tools