The Journal for Nurse Practitioners
Volume 5, Issue 7 , Pages 516-522 , July 2009

An Overview of PTSD for the Adult Primary Care Provider

  • Molly Feliciano

      Affiliations

    • Molly Feliciano, MSN, APRN-BC, is an adult nurse practitioner in the Deployment Health Clinical Center of the Walter Reed Army Medical Center in Washington, DC.

References 

  1. Figley CR . Psychosocial adjustment among Vietnam veterans . In:  Figley CR editors. Stress disorders among Vietnam veterans . New York: Brunner/Mazel; 1978;
  2. Yehuda R . Understanding posttraumatic stress disorder: an overview . Clin Psychiatry . 2001;62(suppl 17):3
  3. Davidson J . Long-term treatment and prevention of posttraumatic stress disorder . J Clin Psychiatry . 2004;65(suppl 1):44–48
  4. Yehuda R . Posttraumatic stress disorder . N Engl J Med . 2002;346(2):108–114
  5. Grieger TA , Cozza SJ , Ursano RJ , et al.   Posttraumatic stress disorder and depression in battle injured soldiers . Am J Psychiatry . 2006;163:1777–1783
  6. Berwin CR , Andrews B , Valentine JD . Meta-analysis of risk factors for posttraumatic stress disorder in trauma-exposed adults . J Consult Clin Psychol . 2000;68:748–766
  7. Yehuda R . Risk and resilience in posttraumatic stress disorder . J Clin Psychiatry . 2004;65(suppl 1):29–36
  8. Kessler RC , Sonnega A , Bromet E , et al.   Posttraumatic stress disorder in the national comorbity survey . Arch Gen Psychiatry . 1995;52:1048–1060
  9. Brunello N , Davidson JR , Deahl M , et al.   Posttraumatic stress disorder: diagnosis and epidemiology, comorbitity and social consequences, biology and treatment . Neuropsychobiology . 2001;43:150–162
  10. Samson AY , Benden S , Beck A , Price D , Nimmer C . Posttraumatic stress disorder in primary care . J Fam Practice . 1999;48:222–227
  11. Wilson JF . Posttraumatic stress disorder needs to be recognized in primary care . Ann Intern Med . 2007;146:617–620
  12. Taubman-Ben-Ari O , Rabinowitz J , Feldman D , Vaturi R . Posttraumatic stress disorder in primary-care settings: prevalence and physician detection . Psychol Med . 2001;31(3):555–560
  13. Liebschutz J , Saitz R , Brower V , et al.   PTSD in urban primary care: high prevalence and low physician recognition . J Gen Intern Med . 2007;22:719–726
  14. Michaud CM , Murray CJ , Bloom BR . Burden of disease: implications for future research . JAMA . 2001;285:535–539
  15. American Psychiatric Association  . Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders . Third Edition. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association; 1980;
  16. American Psychiatric Association  . Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders . Fourth Edition. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association; 1994;
  17. World Health Organization  . The ICD-10 classification of mental and behavioral disorders: clinical descriptions and diagnostic guidelines . Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization; 1992;
  18. Shalev AY . What is posttraumatic stress disorder? . J Clin Psychiatry . 2001;62(suppl 17):4–10
  19. Ouimette P , Cronkite R , Henson BR , et al.   Posttraumatic stress disorder and health status among female and male medical patients . J Trauma Stress . 2004;17:1–9
  20. Norman SB , Means-Christensen AJ , Craske MG , et al.   Associations between psychological trauma and physical illness in primary care . J Trauma Stress . 2006;19:461–470
  21. Antai-Otong D . Unforgettable . Adv Nurse Pract . 2007;15:71–74
  22. Yehuda R . Biology of posttraumatic stress disorder . J Clin Psychiatry . 2001;62(suppl 17):41–46
  23. Nutt DJ , Malizia AL . Structural and functional brain changes in posttraumatic stress disorder . J Clin Psychiatry . 2004;65(suppl 1):11–17
  24. Wong C . Posttraumatic stress disorder: advances in psychoneuroimmunology . Psychiatr Clin NA . 2002;25(2):369–383
  25. Breslau N . Outcomes of posttraumatic stress disorder . J Clin Psychiatry . 2001;62(suppl 17):55–59
  26. David D , Woodward C , Esquenazi J , Mellman TA . Comparison of comorbid physical illnesses among veterans with PTSD and veterans with alcohol dependence . Psychiatric Serv . 2004;55(1):82–85
  27. Hoge CW , Terhakopian A , Castro CA , Messer SC , Engel CC . Association of posttraumatic stress disorder with somatic symptoms, health care visits, and absenteeism among Iraq war veterans . Am J Psych . 2007;164(1):150–153
  28. In:  Tanielian T ,  Jaycox LH editor. Invisible wounds of war: psychological and cognitive injuries, their consequences, and services to assist recovery . Santa Monica, CA: The Rand Center for Military Health Policy Research; 2008;
  29. Vieweg WV , Fernandez A , Julius DA , et al.   Body mass index relates to males with posttraumatic stress disorder . J Natl Med Assoc . 2006;908(4):580–586
  30. Seedat S , Lochner C , Vythilingum B , Stein DJ . Disability and quality of life in posttraumatic stress disorder . Pharmacoeconomics . 2006;24(10):989–998
  31. Rapaport MH , Cleary C , Fayyad R , et al.   Quality-of-life-impairment in depressive and anxiety disorders . Am J Psychiatry . 2005;162:1171–1178
  32. Cook AC . Employment barriers for persons with psychiatric disabilities: update of a report for the president's commission . Psychiatr Serv . 2006;57:1391–1405
  33. Murdoch M , Van Ryn M , Hodges J , Cowper D . Mitigating effect of Department of Veterans Affairs disability benefits for posttraumatic stress disorder on low income . Milit Med . 2005;170(2):137–140
  34. Murdoch M , Hodges J , Hunt C , et al.   Gender differences in service connection for PTSD . Med Care . 2003;41:950–961
  35. Deykin EY , Keane TM , Kaloupek D , et al.   Posttraumatic stress disorder and the use of health services . Psychosom Med . 2001;63:835–841
  36. Stein MB , McQuaid JR , Pedrelli P , Lenox R , McCahill ME . Posttraumatic stress disorder in the primary care setting . Gen Hosp Psychiatry . 2000;22:261–269
  37. Department of Veterans Affairs Office of Inspector General  . Review of state variances in VA disability compensation payments . Washington, DC: Department of Veterans Affairs Office of Inspector General; 2005;
  38. Zatzick DF , Russo J , Rajotte E , et al.   Strengthening the patient-provider relationship in the aftermath of physical trauma through an understanding of the nature and severity of posttraumatic concerns . Psychiatry . 2007;70(3):260–273
  39. Battaglia TA , Finley E , Liebschutz JM . Survivors of intimate partner violence speak out: trust in the patient-provider relationship . J Gen Intern Med . 2003;18(8):617–623
  40. Green BL . Trauma history questionnaire . In:  Stamm BH editors. Measurement of stress, self report trauma, and adaptation . Lutherville, MD: Sidran Press; 1996;p. 366–369
  41. Vrana SR , Lauterbach D . Prevalence of traumatic events and post-traumatic psychological symptoms in a nonclinical sample of college students . J Trauma Stress . 1994;7:289–302
  42. Crawford EF , Lang AJ , Laffaye C . An evaluation of the psychometric properties of the traumatic events questionnaire in primary care patients . J Trauma Stress . 2008;21(1):109–112
  43. Prins A , Ouimette P , Kimerling R , et al.   The primary care PTSD screen (PC-PTSD): development and operating characteristics . Prim Care Psychiatry . 2004;9:9–14
  44. Blanchard EB , Jones-Alexander J , Buckley TC , Forneris CA . Psychometric properties of the PTSD checklist . Behav Res Ther . 1996;34(8):669–673
  45. Cook JM , Elhai JD , Arean PA . Psychometric properties of the PTSD checklist with older primary care patients . J Trauma Stress . 2005;18:371–376
  46. American Psychiatric Association  . Structured clinical interview DSM-IV . Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association; 1997;
  47. Blake DD , Weathers FW , Nagy LM , et al.   The development of a clinician administered PTSD scale . J Trauma Stress . 1995;8:75–90
  48. Bobo WV , Warner CH , Warner CM . The management of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in the primary care setting . South Med J . 2007;100(8):797–802
  49. Asnis GM , Kohn SR , Henderson M , Brown NL . SSRIs versus non-SSRIs in posttraumatic stress disorder: an update with recommendations . Drugs . 2004;64:383–404
  50. Taylor F , Raskind MA . The alpha1-adrenergic antagonist prazosin improves sleep and nightmares in civilian trauma posttraumatic stress disorder . J Clin Psychopharmacol . 2002;22(1):82–85
  51. Raskind MA , Peskind ER , Hoff DJ , et al.   A parallel group placebo controlled study of prazosin for trauma nightmares and sleep disturbance in combat veterans with post-traumatic stress disorder . Bio Psychiatry . 2007;61(8):925–927
  52. Pitman RK , Sanders KM , Zusman RM , et al.   Pilot study of secondary prevention of posttraumatic stress disorder with propranolol . Biol Psychiatry . 2002;51(2):189–192
  53. Schelling G , Briegel J , Roozendaal B , et al.   The effect of stress doses of hydrocortisone during septic shock on posttraumatic stress disorder survivors . Biol Psychiatry . 2001;50:978–985
  54. Foa EB . Psychosocial therapy for posttraumatic stress disorder . J Clin Psychiatry . 2006;67(suppl 2):40–45
  55. Foa EB , Street GP . Women and traumatic events . J Clin Psychiatry . 2001;62(suppl 17):29–34
  56. Robertson M , Humphreys L , Ray R . Psychological treatments for posttraumatic stress disorder: recommendations for the clinician based on a review of the literature . J Psychiatry Pract . 2004;10(2):106–118
  57. Shapiro F , Maxfield L . Eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR): information processing in the treatment of trauma . J Clin Psychol . 2002;58:933–948
  58. http://www.oqp.med.va.gov/cpg/ptsd/PTSD_cpg/frameset.htm
  59. Moore BA , Krakow B . Image rehearsal therapy for acute posttraumatic nightmares among combat soldiers in Iraq . Am J Psychiatry . 2007;164(4):683–684
  60. Hollifield M , Sinclair-Lian N , Warner TD , Hammershlag R . Acupuncture for posttraumatic stress disorder: a randomized controlled pilot trial . J Nerv Ment Dis . 2007;195:504–513

 In compliance with national ethical guidelines, the author reports no relationships with business or industry that would pose a conflict of interest.

PII: S1555-4155(08)00664-8

doi: 10.1016/j.nurpra.2008.12.009

The Journal for Nurse Practitioners
Volume 5, Issue 7 , Pages 516-522 , July 2009

Article Tools