The Journal for Nurse Practitioners
Volume 3, Issue 4 , Pages 259-270 , April 2007

A Practical Guide for Aggressive Management of Type 2 Diabetes

  • Melissa L. Fisher, MS, CRNP

      Affiliations

    • Melissa L. Fisher, MS, CRNP, is an adult nurse practitioner at Maryland Primary Care Physicians in Arnold, Maryland.
    • ,
  • Jane F. Kapustin, PhD, CRNP

      Affiliations

    • Jane F. Kapustin, PhD, CRNP, is an assistant professor of nursing at the University of Maryland, Baltimore, where she is the program director of the adult nurse practitioner program. She maintains a faculty practice at the Joslin Diabetes Center in Baltimore.

References 

  1. The effect of intensive treatment of diabetes on the development and progression of long-term complications in insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. The Diabetes Control and Complication Trial Research Group . N Engl J Med . 1993;329(14):977–986
  2. Tight blood pressure control and risk of macrovascular and microvascular complications in type 2 diabetes: UKPDS 38. UK Prospective Diabetes Study Group . BMJ . 1998;317(7160):703–713
  3. National Diabetes Education Program. Working together to manage diabetes . Available at: www.ndep.nih.gov/diabetes/WTMD/diabetes.htm Accessed July 26, 2006.
  4. Intensive blood-glucose control with sulphonylureas or insulin compared with conventional treatment and risk of complications in patients with type 2 diabetes (UKPDS 33). UK Prospective Diabetes Study (UKPDS) Group . Lancet . 1998;352(9131):837–853
  5. Effect of intensive blood-glucose control with metformin on complications in overweight patients with type 2 diabetes (UKPDS 34). UK Prospective Diabetes Study (UKPDS) Group . Lancet . 1998;352(9131):854–865
  6. American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists  . American College of Endocrinology. Consensus statement on guidelines for glycemic control . Available at: www.aace.com/pub/dcc/dccwhitepaper.pdf Accessed October 21, 2006.
  7. Brown J , Nichols G , Perry A . The burden of treatment failure in type 2 diabetes . Diabetes Care . 2004;27(7):1535–1540
  8. Hirsch I , Bergenstal R , Parkin C , Wright E , Buse J . A real world approach to insulin therapy in primary care practice . Clin Diabetes . 2005;23(2):78–86
  9. Stumvoll M , Goldstein B , Van Haeften T . Type 2 diabetes: principles of pathogenesis and therapy . Lancet . 2005;365(9467):1333–1346
  10. Sowers J . Recommendations for special population: diabetes mellitus and the metabolic syndrome . Am J Hypertens . 2003;16(11):41S–45S
  11. Hsueh W , Moore L , Bryer-Ash M . Contemporary Diagnosis and Management of Type 2 Diabetes . Newtown, PA: Handbooks in Health Care; 2004;
  12. Butler A , Janson J , Bonner-Weir S , Ritzel R , Rizza R , Butler P . Beta-cell deficit and increased [beta]-cell apoptosis in humans with type 2 diabetes (islet studies) . Diabetes . 2003;52(1):102–110
  13. Markolf H , Koehler C , Fuecher K , Henkel E , Schaper F , Temelkova-Kurktschiev T . Insulin secretion and insulin sensitivity pattern is different in isolated impaired glucose tolerance and impaired fasting glucose . Diabetes Care . 2003;26(3):868–874
  14. Mitka M . Diabetic retinopathy mechanism probed [Medical news and perspectives] . JAMA . 2005;293(2):148–149
  15. Turner R , Cull C , Frighi V , Holman R . Glycemic control with diet, sulfonylurea, metformin, or insulin in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: progressive requirement for multiple therapies (UKPDS 49) . JAMA . 1999;281(21):2005–2012
  16. UKPDS 28: a randomized trial of efficacy of early addition of metformin in sulfonylurea-treated type 2 diabetes. U.K. Prospective Diabetes Study Group . Diabetes Care . 1998;21(1):87–92
  17. UKPDS 16. Overview of 6 years' therapy of type II diabetes: a progressive disease [Perspectives in Diabetes] . Diabetes . 1999;44(11):1249–1258
  18. American Diabetes Association  . Standards of medical care in diabetes—2006 . Diabetes Care . 2006;29(suppl 1):S4–S42
  19. Roy R , Navar M , Palomeno G , Davidson M . Real world effectiveness of rosiglitazone added to maximal (tolerated) doses of metformin and a sulfonylurea agent: a systematic evaluation of triple oral therapy in a minority population [brief report]) . Diabetes Care . 2004;27(7):1741–1742
  20. Riddle M . Glycemic management of type 2 diabetes: an emerging strategy with oral agents, insulins and combinations . Endocrinol Metab Clin N Am . 2005;3(1):77–98
  21. Daily G . Early insulin: an important therapeutic strategy . Diabetes Care . 2005;28(1):220–221
  22. Hanefield M , Brunetti P , Schernthaner G , Matthews D , Charbonnel B . One-year glycemic control with a sulfonylurea plus pioglitazone versus a sulfonylurea plus metformin in patients with type 2 diabetes . Diabetes Care . 2004;27(1):141–147
  23. Matthews D , Charbonnel B , Hanefield M , Brunetti P , Schernthaner G . Long-term therapy with addition of pioglitazone to metformin compared with the addition of gliclazide to metformin in patients with type 2 diabetes: a randomized comparative study . Diabetes Metab Res Rev . 2004;21(2):167–174
  24. Cryer P , Davis S , Shamoon H . Hypoglycemia in diabetes . Diabetes Care . 2003;26(6):1902–1912
  25. Heller S . Reducing hypoglycaemia with insulin analogues . Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord . 2002;26(suppl 3):S31–S36
  26. Dewitt D , Hirsch I . Outpatient insulin therapy in type I and type 2 diabetes mellitus: scientific review . JAMA . 2003;289(17):2254–2264
  27. Dungan K , Buse J . Glucagon-like peptide 1-based therapies for type 2 diabetes: a focus on exenatide . Clin Diabetes . 2005;23(2):56–62
  28. Kendall D , Riddle M , Rosenstock J , et al.   Effects of exenatide (exenetide-4) on glycemic control over 30 weeks in patients with type 2 diabetes treated with metformin and a sulfonylurea . Diabetes Care . 2005;28(5):1083–1091
  29. Defronzo R , Ratner R , Han J , Kim D , Fineman M , Baron A . Effects of exenatide (exenetide-4) on glycemic control and weight loss over 30 weeks in metformin-treated patients with type 2 diabetes . Diabetes Care . 2005;28(5):1092–1100
  30. Berenson A . 4 Diabetes drugs are seen raising hope and profit. New York Times, June 22, 2006, p. 31 . Available at: www.exubera.com/content/hcp_home Accessed on June 22, 2006.
  31. Exubera website . Available at: www.exubera.com/content/hcp_home Accessed on June 22, 2006.
  32. Hollander P , Maggs D , Ruggles J , et al.   Effect of pramlintide on weight in overweight and obese insulin treated type-2 diabetes patients . Obesity Res . 2004;12(4):661–668
  33. In: Institute of Medicine  ,  Adams K ,  Corrigan JM editor. Priority Areas for National Action: Transforming Health Care Quality . Washington, DC: National Academy Press; 2003;

 Neither author has relationships with business or industry to disclose.

PII: S1555-4155(06)00961-5

doi: 10.1016/j.nurpra.2006.12.003

The Journal for Nurse Practitioners
Volume 3, Issue 4 , Pages 259-270 , April 2007

Article Tools